The Views, Values, and Experiences of Sport and Employability of Young Adults in a Deprived Community in the North of England

Authors

  • Dave Hembrough Sheffield Hallam University
  • Charlotte Jackson Sheffield Hallam University
  • Katharine Platts Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University
  • Hanna Leahy Sheffield Hallam University
  • Prof Anglia Ruskin University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69665/iss.v46i1.22

Keywords:

Sport, physical activity, appreciative inquiry, community leaders, Young Adults

Abstract

Young adults in deprived communities in the United Kingdom (UK) are less able to access sport and leisure activities compared to more affluent peers. Physical activity (PA) can enhance life skills and facilitate employment. This project aimed to critically explore how sport, PA and employment were perceived by community leaders and younger adults as development opportunities.  Appreciative inquiry was used to engage community leaders and young adults to reflect on their experiences living and working in a deprived community. Interviews, workshops, and community action methods were transcribed, thematically analysed, and used to share back insights with wider stakeholders. Participants were positive about their neighbourhoods but recognised significant cultural and gender barriers to achieving their goals. Community leaders and younger adults identified how their cultural and household experiences influenced the choices of community engagement. Participants identified education as important to them and their families and expressed frustration that opportunities for local sport and PA were not geared for the development of life skills and to enhance their employment opportunities. The results suggest how sport and PA infrastructure could be more strategically aligned to health, well-being, and social integration with a focus on skills development and building experiences related to employability.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Charlotte Jackson, Sheffield Hallam University

Research Assistant 

Katharine Platts, Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University

Westfield Health, Head of Research & Innovation

Hanna Leahy, Sheffield Hallam University

Research Fellow 

Prof, Anglia Ruskin University

Professor Allied health 

References

Allen, K., Bullough, S., Cole, D., Shibli, S. and Wilson, J. (2013). The Impact of Engagement in Sport on Graduate Employability. Sports Industry Research, Sheffield Hallam University.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.003

Atkinson, R. and Kintrea, K. (2004). Opportunities and despair, it’s all in there: practitioner experiences and explanations of area effects and life chances. Sociology, 38(3), 437-455

https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038504043211

Balish, S. M., McLaren, C., Rainham, D., & Blanchard, C. (2014). Correlates of youth sport attrition: A review and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 429-439.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.003

Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101.

https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Burkhard, B.M., Robinson, K.M., Murray, E.D. and Lerner, R.M. (2022). Positive Youth Development: Theory and Perspective. In The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development (eds S. Hupp and J. Jewell).

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171492.wecad310

Bushe, G. R. (2012). Foundations of appreciative inquiry: History, criticism and potential. AI Practitioner, 14(1), 8–20.

Breen, R. (2004). The comparative study of social mobility. In: Social Mobility in Europe, edited by R. Breen 1-6. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Brewer, L. (2013). Enhancing youth employability: What? Why? And how? Guide to core work skills. International Labour Office, Skills and Employability Department. Geneva: ILO.

Camiré, M., Trudel, P. and Forneris, T. (2014). Examining how model youth sport coaches learn to facilitate positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(1), 1-17.

https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.726975.

Chakraborty, T., Schüller, S. and Zimmerman, K. F. (2019). Beyond the average: ethnic capital, heterogeneity and intergenerational transmission of education. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organisation, 163, p. 551-569.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.04.004

Chalkley, A., Milton, K. and Foster, C. (2015). Change4life Evidence Review: Rapid evidence review on the effect of physical activity participation among children aged 5-11 years. London: Public Health England.

Cheetham, M., Van Der Graaf, P., Khazaeli, B., Gibson, E., Wiseman, A. and Rushmer, R. (2018). “It was the whole picture” a mixed methods study of successful components in an integrated wellness service in North-East England. BMC Health Services Research, 18(200), 1-10.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3007-z

Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995). What is participatory research? Social Science & Medicine, 41(12), 1667–1676.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-s

Coakley, J. (2011). Youth sports: What counts as “positive development?”. Journal of sport and social issues, 35(3), 306-324.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723511417311

Coalter, F. (2007). A Wider Social Role for Sport: Who’s Keeping the Score? London: Routledge.

Coalter, F. (2009). Sport-in-development: accountability or development? In: Levermore, R. and Beacom, A. (2009). Sport and International Development. Houndsmills, Basingstoke (England): Palgrave Macmillan, 55-75.

Coalter, F., Theeboom, M. and Truyens, J. (2020). Developing a programme theory for sport and employability programmes for NEETs. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 12(4), 679-697.

https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2020.1832136

Crawford, P., Lang, S., Fink, W., Dalton, R. and Fielitz, L. (2011). Comparability analysis of soft skills: what is important for new graduates? Washington DC: APLU.

Cooperrider, D. L. and Srivastva, S. (1987) ‘Appreciative Inquiry in Organizational Life.’ In Woodman, R. W. and Pasmore, W.A. (Eds.) Research in Organizational Change and Development, Vol. 1 (129-169). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.

Dagkas, D., and Stathi, A. (2007). Exploring social and environmental factors affecting adolescents’ participation in physical activity. European Physical Education Review, 13(3), 369-384.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X07081800

Daly-Smith, A., Quarmby, T., Archbold, V. S. J., Corrigan, C., Wilson, D., Resaland, G., Bartholomew, J., et al. (2020). Using a multi-stakeholder experience-based design process to co-develop the Creating Active Schools framework. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 13.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-0917-z

Damon, W. (2004). What is positive youth development? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 13-24.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716203260092

Danish, S., Forneris, T., Hodge, K. and Heke, I. (2004). Enhancing youth development through sport. World Leisure Journal, 46(3), 38-39.

https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2004.9674365

Darnell, S. C., Whitley, M. A., Camiré, M., Massey, W. V., Blom, L.C., Chawansky, M., Forde, S. and Hayden, L. (2022). Systematic reviews of sport for development literature: Managerial and policy implications. Journal of Global Sport Management, 7(2), 249-266.

https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2019.1671776

Edwards, G., Grubb, B., Power, A. and Serle, N. (2015). Moving the Goal Posts: Poverty and Access to Sport for Young People. Retrieved from: https://network.streetgames.org/sites/default/files/StreetGames_Report_3%2012%2015_final%20with%20cover.pdf [Accessed 27th November 2022].

Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J. and Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(98).

https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-98

Gale, N. K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S. and Redwood, S. (2013). Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13, 117.

https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-13-117

Garner-Purkis, S., Alageel, S., Burgess, C. and Guildford, M. (2020). Community-based, sport-led programme to increase physical activity in an area of deprivation: a qualitative case study. BMC Public Health, 20(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08661-1

Giampapa, F. (2011). The politics of ‘Being and Becoming’ a researcher: identity, power and negotiating the field. Journal of Language, Identity and Education, 10(3), 132-144.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2011.585304

Gradinger, F., Elston, J., Asthana, S., Martin, S. and Byng, R. (2019). Reflections on the Researcher-in-Residence model co-producing knowledge for action in an Integrated Care Organisation: a mixed methods case study using an impact survey and field notes. Evidence & Policy, 15(2), 197-215.

https://doi.org/10.1332/174426419X15538508969850

Henerhan, K. (2021). Uneven steps: changes in youth unemployment and study since the onset of Covid-19. Available at: https://www.resolutionfoundation.org/app/uploads/2021/04/Uneven-steps.pdf [Accessed 15th December 2022].

Hermans, N., Super, S., Verkooijen, K. T. and Koelen, M. A. (2017). A systematic review of life skill development through sports programs serving socially vulnerable youth. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 88(4), 408-424.

Hodge, K., Danish, S. and Martin, J. (2012). Developing conceptual framework for life skills interventions. The Counselling Psychologist, 41, 1125-1152.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012462073

Holt, N. L. (2016). Positive Youth Development Through Sport. Routledge.

Hurrell, S. A. (2016). Rethinking the soft skills deficit blame game: employers, skills withdrawal and the reporting of soft skills gaps. Human Relations, 69(3), 605-628.

Jonker, L., Elferink-Gemser, M. T. and Visscher, C. (2011). The role of self-regulatory skills in sport and academic performances of elite youth athletes. Talent development and Excellence, 3, 263-275.

Jugl, I., Bender, D. and Lösel, F. (2021). Do sports programmes prevent crime and reduce reoffending? A systematic review and mete-analysis on the effectiveness of sports programmes. Journal of Quantitative Criminology.

Kay, T. (2006). Daughters of Islam: Family influences on Muslim young women’s participation in Sport. International Review for the Sociology of sport, 41(3-4), 357-373.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207077705

Kirk, D. (2005). Physical education, youth sport and lifelong participation: the importance of early learning experiences. European Physical Education Review, 11(3), 239-255.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X05056649

Lambovska, M., Sardinha, B. and Belas, J. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the Youth unemployment in the European Union, Ekonomicko-manazerske spektrum, 15(1), 55-63.

Leonard, T., Hughes, A. E., Pruitt, S. L. (2017). Understanding how low socio-economic status households cope with health shocks: An analysis of multi-sector linked data. American Academy of Political and Social Science, 669(1), 125-145.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216680989

Lerner, R. M., Brown, J. D. and Kier, C. (2005). Adolescence: Development, Development, Diversity, Context and Application (Canadian Ed). Toronto: Pearson.

Maguire, M. and Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical Step-by-Step Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars, All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 3, 3351- 3364.

https://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335/553

Mann, M. E. and Hacker, C. M. (2022). Triple Jeopardy. The impact of race, class, and gender on girls and women in sport and physical activity. Psychological Services, 1541-1559.

https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000676

Martin, G. P. (2008). ‘Ordinary people only’: knowledge, representativeness and the publics of public participation in healthcare. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30(1), 35-54.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01027.x

McDonalds. (2015). Backing Soft Skills: A Plan for Recognising, Developing and Measuring Soft-Skills at every Stage of Education and Work. Available at: https://www.backingsoftskills.co.uk/ [Accessed 8th June 2023].

Modood, T. (2004). Capitals, ethnic identity and educational qualifications. Cultural Trends, 13(2), 87-105.

Morgan, H. and Parker, A. (2017). Generating recognition, acceptance and social inclusion in marginalised youth populations: the potential of sports-based interventions. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(8), 1028-1043.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1305100

Morgan, H., Parker, A., Meek, R. and Cryer, J. (2020). Participation in sport as a mechanism to transform the lives of young people within the criminal justice system: an academic exploration of theory of change. Sport, Education and Society, 25(8), 917-930.

Morgan, H., Parker, A. and Murturano, N. (2021). Evoking hope in marginalised youth populations through non formal education: critical pedagogy in sports-based interventions. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 42(3), 307-322.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2021.1894547

Morgan, H., Bush, A. and Bowles, H. (2022). Active for Employment: Enhancing employability through sport and physical activity participation. Available at: https://www.sportfordevelopmentcoalition.org/sites/default/files/file/24875%20Sport%20for%20Development%20Coalition%20Sport%20and%20Employability%20Report_Accessible.pdf [Accesed 15th December 2022].

Morgan, H., Parker, A. and Roberts, W. (2022). Community sport programmes and social inclusion: what role for positive psychological capital? In: The Potential of Community Sport for Social Inclusion (pp. 223-237). Routledge.

Mwita, K. M. and Mwakasangula, E. (2020). The role of sports participation on graduate employability. Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 6(4), 159–163.

https://doi.org/10.18231/J.JMRA.2019.033

Newman, T. J., Anderson-Butcher, D. and Amorose, A. J. (2020). Examining the influence of sport programme staff and parent/caregiver support on youth outcomes. Applied Developmental Science, 24(3), 263-278.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1467762

OECD (2022). Understanding Social Mobility. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/stories/social-mobility/ [Accessed 16th December 2022].

Office for National Statistics. (2021). Employment in the UK: April 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/employmentintheuk/april2021 [Accessed 10th January 2023].

Parker, C., Scott, S. and Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball Sampling. SAGE Research Methods Foundations. Available at: http://methods.sagepub.com/foundations/snowball-sampling [Accessed 10th January 2023].

Pampel, F. C., Krueger, P. M. and Denney, J. T. (2010). Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349-370.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102529

Parker, A., Morgan, H., Farooq, S., Moreland, B. and Pitchford, A. (2019). Sporting intervention and social change: football, marginalised youth and citizenship development. Sport for Education and Society, 24(3), 298-310.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1353493

Perks, T. (2007). Does sport foster social capital? The contribution of sport to a lifestyle of community participation. Sociology of sport journal, 24(4), 378-401.

https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.24.4.378

Ruiz, J. (2004). A Literature Review of the Evidence Base for Culture, the Arts and Sport Policy. Available at : https://static.a-n.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/0029574.pdf [Accessed 10th January 2023].

Sandford, R, A., Armour, K. M. and Warmington, P. C. (2006). Re-engaging disaffected youth through physical activity programmes. British Educational Research Journal, 32(2), 251-271.

Schulenkorf, N. and Edwards, D. (2012). Maximising positive social impacts: strategies for sustaining and leveraging the benefits of intercommunity sport events in divided societies. Journal of Sport Management, 26, 379-390.

Shah, B., Dwyer, C. and Modood, T. (2010). Explaining educational achievement among young British Pakistanis: Mobilizing ‘Ethnic Capital’? Sociology, 44(6), 1109-1127.

Skinner, J., Zakus, D. H. and Cowell, J. (2008). Development through sport: building social capital in disadvantaged communities. Sport management Review, 11(3), 253-275.

Smith, J. and Firth, J. (2011). Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach, Nurse Res, 18, 52-62.

https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2011.01.18.2.52.c8284

Smith, B., Williams, O., Bone, L. and The Moving Social Work Co-Production Collective. (2022). Co-production: a resource guide to co-producing research in the sport, exercise and health sciences. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health.

https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2022.2052946

Social Mobility Commision. (2019). Research and analysis. An Unequal Playing Field: Extra Curricular Activities, Soft Skills and Social Mobility. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/extra-curricular-activities-soft-skills-and-social-mobility/an-unequal-playing-field-extra-curricular-activities-soft-skills-and-social-mobility [Accessed 10th October 2022].

Social Mobility Commision. (2022). About Us. Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/social-mobility-commission/about#definition-of-social-mobility [Accessed 15th December 2022].

Spaaij, R., Magee, J. and Jeanes, R. (2013). Urban youth, worklessness and sport: a comparison of sports-based employability programmes in Rotterdam and Stoke-on-Trent. Urban Studies, 50(8), 1608–1624.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012465132

Tandon, P. S., Kroshus, E., Olsen, K., Garrett, K., Qu, P. and McCleery, J. (2021). Socioeconomic inequalities in youth participation in physical activity and sports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13).

https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph18136946

Tsitskari, E., Goudas, M., Tsalouchou, E. and Michalopoulou, M. (2017). Employers’ expectations of the employability skills needed in the sport and recreation environment. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 20, 1-9.

Tuckett, A. G. (2005). Applying thematic analysis theory to practice: A researcher's experience. Contemporary Nursing, 19(1), 75-87.

https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.19.1-2.75

UCAS. (2022). What is Contextual Admissions? Retrieved from: https://www.ucas.com/connect/blogs/what-contextual-admissions [Accessed 6th December 2022].

Vaughn, L. M., & Jacquez, F. (2020). Participatory Research Methods – Choice Points in the Research Process. Journal of Participatory Research Methods, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.35844/001c.13244

Waring, A. and Mason, C. (2010). Opening doors: promoting social inclusion through increased sports opportunities. Sport in Society, 13(3), 517-529.

Warwick-Booth, L., Bagnall, A. M. and Coan, S. (2021). Creating Participatory Research: Principles, Practice and Reality. Bristol: Bristol University Press.

Whitley, M. A., Wright, E. M. and Gould, D. (2013). Coaches’ perspectives on sport-Plus programmes for underserved youth: An exploratory study in South Africa. Journal of Sport for Development, 1(2), 53-66.

Zhou, M. (2005). Ethnicity as social capital: community-based institutions and embedded networks of social relations. In: G. Loury., T. Modood and S. Teles (Eds). Ethnicity, Social Mobility and Public Policy: Comparing USA and UK. P. 131-159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Downloads

Published

08/04/2024

How to Cite

Hembrough, D., Jackson, C., Platts, K., Leahy, H., & Fowler-Davis, S. (2024). The Views, Values, and Experiences of Sport and Employability of Young Adults in a Deprived Community in the North of England. International Sports Studies, 46(1), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.69665/iss.v46i1.22

Issue

Section

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLES